The View from the Bottom Rail Essay - 703 Words

The View from the Bottom Rail In today’s society, racism and stereotyping occur in every aspect of life. No one should ever take anything for face value before they examine it first. In reading the narrative, â€Å"The View from the Bottom Rail† by James Davidson and Mark Lytle and â€Å"Frederick Douglasss Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglas† by Harold Bloom. I became very aware on how American history can be looked at as one sided or bias. Even in today’s society, there is still a lot of biasness presented in American history that is told when it is related to the history of slavery. For us to understand history, we must enable ourselves to look deeper into the articles and examine the prejudices and the source†¦show more content†¦One example is the geographic bias that people that were interviewed were only a very small portion of the millions of freed slaves. In the article, Bloom also states that most of the black slaves could not read or write and the o nes that did, hid it from their masters. Slave owners felt the less the slaves knew the better off the owner would be. If the slaves were able to read and write the slave would then realize they were equal to his master and would question why his master has the right to enslave him. Douglas stated this saying, â€Å"The more I read the more I was led to abhor and detest my enslaves.† When Douglas learned to read and write, he looked at everything differently. He saw everything as an equal citizen and not as a slave. He then began to envy the illiterate slaves because they did not completely understands the terrible conditions in which they lived and how slave owners were writing history books about them. Douglas decided to break away from the ignorance and became a historian that educated himself and shared his life story to be told through his own words and not by others. We as knowledge seekers must carefully consider different aspects of each article of history and not ma ke the mistake of believing everything we read in order to fully understand an article about our history. We must understand the author that wrote it and interviews that have taken place. This will enable us to look deeperShow MoreRelated The View from the Bottom Rail Essay1410 Words   |  6 PagesThe View from the Bottom Rail The Lewinsky Scandal†¦ A perfect example as to why we cannot accept everything at face value before carefully examining it first. Everyone thought President Clinton was behaving himself in the White House, but, as it turns out, he was most definitely not. This can be the same for history. We must carefully consider different aspects of articles so that we do no make the mistake of believing everything we read. In order to fully understand an article, we must understandRead MoreI Am Using A Vans Off The Wall Ad Essay958 Words   |  4 PagesRowley is riding his skateboard down this long rail of a huge set of stairs which is call grinding, because the skateboard is rubbing against the rail. Based off the photo I can t tell if it was taken at a skatepark or not, but it does look like a nice, clear summer day. When you look at this Vans ad what does it mean to you? It may give off different meaning depending on how you view it. I m sure to most viewers their receiving that Vans waffle grip bottom has been around and working since ‘66. WhenRead MorePierre-Auguste Renoir: Near the Lake Painting Essay examples1414 Words   |  6 Pages(47.5 x 56.4 cm) by Pierre-Auguste Renoir (1841-1919), a French artist of the Impressionism of Modern Art era. The painting is of two people (an older man and a young preadolescent girl), whom are about three feet apart from each other and are gathered on a rustic looking brown rail overlooking a wakeless sky-blue lake with one small dark-blue boat floating along the shore. There is a one occupant standing on the boat with a single pole in his hand (sometimes used to push small boats along rivers andRead MoreAfter the Fact: Bottom Rail on Top1721 Words   |  7 PagesAAfter The Fact: The View From the Bottom Rail Chris Bean Bl: A 5/29/12 Mr. Penza Summary of Chapter: With the sound of cannons and gunshots firing in the air, slaves in the south knew that freedom was coming to a nation of four million slaves. Union soldiers would be portrayed as bad foreigners from their masters, with, â€Å" long horns on their heads, and tushes in their mouths, and eyes sticking out like a cow.† (Page 171) Some slaves were overjoyed with rumors of emancipation and leaving their plantationsRead More Bias Essay994 Words   |  4 Pages Bias nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;What does the word bias mean? Bias is a mental predilection or prejudice. The essay quot;The View from the Bottom Railquot; by James West Davidson and Mark Hamilton Lytle opened my eyes on how American history could be looked at as one sided and even bias. Even today there is still bias in America. In todays society, racism and stereotyping occur in all aspects of life. It can occur because of ones gender, race, religion, cultureRead MoreEssay about The History and Development of Dennisport 901 Words   |  4 PagesBass River, while completed ships, usually fishing vessels, flowed south down the river and out onto the waters of Nantucket Sound. Dennis-built ships were considered some of the most seaworthy in the world at the time, an impressive accomplishment from an industry that is completely extinct in town these days. In an odd quirk of history, Dennis was the one of the first towns in America to manufacture salt! By 1803, there were 24 different salt works operating in town, with vats totaling more thanRead MoreMr Blacktown City Council : The Population Of 43374 ( 2011 Census ) Essay1696 Words   |  7 Pagespopulation of 43,374 (2011 census) and growth rate increasing (average annual rate of 2.2%), Blacktown City is recognised to be the largest and one of the fastest growing in any Local Government Area in NSW. Anticipated to reach 500, 000 by the year 2 031 from factors of urban sprawl, birth and migrants, the struggle to uphold Blacktown’s liveability is a crucial aspect in the demands of the futures security of individuals and the general publics ‘contentment which is also significant to sustain the expandingRead MoreThe Process of an Internal Combustion Engine958 Words   |  4 Pagesdrive cars but fail to realize how they work, and don t try to learn about engines because they think it is complex, and not an easy concept to grasp. Air, fuel, spark, and combustion are the premise of an internal combustion engine. A simplistic view on an internal combustion engine is outlined below. The first step in an internal combustion engine is to acquire all the attributes to create combustion in a chamber. The necessary air flows through the air filter (usually a conical shaped, microRead MoreEssay on The Process Of An Internal Combustion Engine939 Words   |  4 Pagesdrive cars but fail to realize how they work, and dont try to learn about engines because they think it is complex, and not an easy concept to grasp. Air, fuel, spark, and combustion are the premise of an internal combustion engine. A simplistic view on an internal combustion engine is outlined below. The first step in an internal combustion engine is to acquire all the attributes to create combustion in a chamber. The necessary air flows through the air filter (usually a conical shaped, microRead MoreGlobal Supply Chain Management Procurement Personnel Essay1678 Words   |  7 Pagesthat at least 50% of collaboration initiatives reportedly fail. Industries that use the Supply Chain Method and are not limited to are: banks hospitals, car dealers, airports, restaurants, schools and government to name a few. L.M. Staff shared his views as â€Å"Global transportation isn’t getting any easier to manage. With new rules and regulations to learn, new compliance requirements to adhere to, and new customers and business partners to onboard, navigating the complexities of the global market can

John Bowlby - 1253 Words

In the introduction to one of his many books, John Bowlby quotes Graham Greene; ‘Unhappiness in a child accumulates because he sees no end to the dark tunnel. The thirteen weeks of a term may just as well be thirteen years.’ It is quite clear that John’s childhood was not a happy one. He experienced many years of separation from family and it can be connected as to why he developed the theory of attachment. Edward John Mostyn Bowlby, known as John Bowlby, was born in 1907 in London as the fourth of six children. His parents were Sir Anthony Bowlby and Lady May Bowlby. John Bowlby was from an upper class wealthy family. They raised their children to be strong with strict discipline. Showing signs of affections or emotions†¦show more content†¦His new theory stated that infants are social from a very young age, 6 months to less than two years old. The infants become focused on a particular individual or a few individuals. Bowlbys aim was to discover the consequences of difficulties in forming attachments in childhood, and the effects this would have on an infants later development. He came up with the idea that infants develop a close emotional bond with an attachment figure early in life, and that the success or failure of this earliest of relationships lead the infant to form a mental representation that would have profound effects on their later relationships and t heir own success as a parent (Attachment Theory, 2011). Although Bowlby was raised in a traditional way for upper class people one could come to the conclusion that the lack of relationships can be damaging. His theory emphasizes the importance of the mother and infant bond. Bowlby’s relationship with his own mother seemed to be negative. When he did have an interaction with her, it was in short periods of time. The only relationship he had with his mother was, therefore, negative. He received no attention or affection from his mother. He also never received attention from his father, who I think could be a figure in infant’s life if the mother is not there. This relationship was also negative. The upper class did not view affection in a positive light. As an infant John was never able to form this attachment toShow MoreRelatedJohn Bowlby : An Attachment Theory1830 Words   |  8 Pagessocial and emotional development. A child with secure attachment feels able to rely on their parents and caregivers for safety and comfort and uses these important attachment relationships as bases from which they explore and learn about the world. John Bowlby (1907-90) has made an attachment theory. He believed that relationships are a key to meeting the emotional needs of children. He has suggested that babies need a strong stable relationship with their main careers to be emotionally confident in theRead MoreLife and Work of John Bowlby2584 Words   |  11 PagesBowlby was born in London to an upper-middle-class family. He was the fourth of six children and was brought up by a nanny in the British fashion of his class at that time. His father, Sir Anthony Bowlby, first Baronet, was surgeon to the King s Household, with a tragic history: at age five, Sir Anthony s own father (John s grandfather) was killed while serving as a war correspondent in the Opium Wars. Normally, Bowlby saw his mother only one hour a day after teatime, though during the summerRead MoreJohn Bowlby and Maternal Deprivation Essay595 Words   |  3 PagesJohn Bowlby and Maternal Deprivation Bowlby believed that maternal behaviour was instinctive in humans as it appears to be in animals. Mothers and their babies form an instinctive attachment to each other using genetically inherited skills such as smiling, grasping, crying and so on. If a separation occurs between mother and infant within the first few years of the child’s life, Bowlby believed that the bond would be irreversibly broken, leading to severe emotionalRead MoreBiography Of Edward John Mostyn Bowlby1690 Words   |  7 Pages Edward John Mostyn Bowlby was born in February on the 26th in the year of 1907. Bowlby was one of six children all raised in a middle class family in London. He was the fourth of his six siblings, all children were raised by the family nanny. Bowlby only spend an hour a day with his mother and this was at tea time. During the summer Bowlby and his siblings got to see their mother more often as she was more available. His father was Sir Antony Bowlby he was the surgeon to the Kings household.Read MoreJohn Bowlby s Theory Of Attachment1439 Words   |  6 Pagesabout John Bowlby and his theory of attachment plus criticisms and how these come into effect in practice and legislation. Edward John Mostyn Bowlby was born February 27th 1907 and died September 2nd 1990. He was born in London to a middle class family. He was mostly taken care of by his nanny because his parents believed that spending too much time with him could lead to him becoming a spoilt child. At age 7 he was sent to boarding school by his parents. After finishing boarding school Bowlby wentRead MoreJohn Bowlby s Work Of Attachment873 Words   |  4 PagesJohn Bowlby’s work in attachment has been one of the foundational works when determining the level of attachments and bonds that a child and parent may experience (Webb, 2011). According to Bowlby, â€Å"attachment† is referring to a lasting, mutual bond of affection that is dependent on an individual or more than one person (Webb, 2011). Establishing a secure attachment during infancy and early childhood is an important task of a parent or a caregiver. Not all parents or caregivers can provide theirRead MoreThe Theory Of Attachme nt Proposed By John Bowlby And Mary Ainsworth1177 Words   |  5 Pagesrelationships. In chapter 3, the theory of attachment proposed by John Bowlby and Mary Ainsworth is explored. First, Bowlby’s theory of attachment was influenced by the ethological theorist, Darwin, Lorenz, and Tinbergen, who were previously mentioned in the chapter. Bowlby emphasized that behaviors found in animals, such as seeking close proximity from mothers to reduce the chance of becoming a prey, can also be found in toddlers. For example, Bowlby defined that actions such as following, crying out, andRead MorePersonal Reflection : John Bowlby s Attachment Theory1527 Words   |  7 PagesPersonal Reflection According to John Bowlby’s Attachment Theory, children come into the world â€Å"programed† to create attachments with others in order to help them survive. The attachment that is created during the infants first few days and week of life is extremely important. The attachment that is created early on in the life, can affect development through out ones life. During Anisworth’s research, she established several types of attachment styles. The securely attached child would be visiblyRead MoreJohn Bowlby s Influence On Children s Development840 Words   |  4 PagesJohn Bowlby’s work in attachment has been the foundation when determining the attcahments and bonds that a child and parent may experience (Webb, 2011). According to Bowlby, â€Å"attachment† is referring to a lasting, mutual bond of affection that is dependent on an individual or more than one person (Webb, 2011). Establishing a secure attachment during infancy and early childhood is an important task of a parent or a caregiver. Not all parents or caregivers can provide their child with a secure attachmentRead MoreJohn Bowlby And Mary Ainsworth s Attachment Theories1196 Words   |  5 Pages John Bowlby and Mary Ainsworth s attachment theories derive from the idea that in early development infants develop different attachment behaviors in relation to their caregivers. This emotional bond between an infant and their parents can have an enduring impact on future relationships throughout an individual s life. Research has shown that there does not have to be a biological component for an infant to bond with a parent. Instead the bond or attachment is related to â€Å"quality and quantity†

U.S. Quits Climate Agreement Samples †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the U.S. Quits Climate Agreement. Answer: U.S. quits Climate agreement The sudden decision of Donald Trump, the U.S. President, to quit the Paris accord came as a shocker to all the national leaders around the globe. The decision was received with much criticism from almost all corners of the world. The decision leads the people to believe that Trump wanted to establish a kind of imperialist rule of America and establish the U.S as the first country to leave the agreement. The decision was hotly debated for a long period of time and hence it received much of the media coverage and the needed focus in the public sphere. The Paris agreement is one of the largest collaboration of nearly 196 countries from around the globe against climate change. The accord aims at reducing the global temperature to a certain extent by reducing the emission of carbon and other harmful gases into the environment (Clmenon, 2016). The main idea of the agreement is that the developed countries should refrain from excess emission and they should lend their help to the developing countries so that the global economy is at balance as well as the emission rate. According to the agreement, the countries in the Annex 1 of UNFCC marks certain countries as developed and at the same time some are referred to as Least developed countries (LDCs). It is the responsibility of the developed countries to make sure that emission rates are cut down and the developing countries are assisted with any kind of help when needed (Rogelj et al., 2016). Donald Trumps announcement of withdrawing the from the Paris accord was based on his thoughts that such an agreement will lead to greater loss to the people of America. Trump believes that the Paris agreement lends favors to the developing countries in such a way that country like the U.S. faces a massive cut in its various profits earning process. The United States of America is a country that depends on the huge production of various kinds of services and products that serve the entire world. The production will take a hit if the country abides by the Paris Accord as they will have to keep a check on the emission levels (Zhang et al., 2017). The pressure on a country like America is greater because it is a developed country and has attained the growth by various industrial processes which have subsequently added a lot to the emissions in the atmosphere. Trump being the president of the States declared withdrawal because he figured out that if America stays in the agreement then it will be impossible for it to attain higher growth in the future. The population of the country is on the rise and the President believes that the youth needs opportunity to work in order to be able to achieve success. These opportunities will get reduced if checks are maintained on the emission level because the various industrial processes that create such opportunities will be eventually shut down. Trump in his speech declared that the decision was taken for the people of the country and it was for the well being of the entire nation and in order to avoid any kind of stagnation it is a must that the country moves away from the Paris Accord. The decision received utmost criticism from most of the global leaders. Trump was the target of many environmentalists as his decision reflected his negligence towards the grave environmental scenario. For an environmental pact to come out as a success it is a must that all the countries join hands and work together to save the environment. As the U.S. withdrew from the pact, the situation became alarming because it is measured that the U.S is one of the highest emitters of carbon in the atmosphere. Its emission levels are higher than many of the developing countries combined emission (Tollefson, 2017). The debate continues as the issue of climate conservation becomes grave with each passing day. Donald trump is of the opinion that if the Paris Agreement is reframed and the interests of America are taken into consideration then only will the U.S. join back the accord. The country will adopt and join other such environment pacts which will offer a better bet for the country and will not hamper the growth of the nation and its economy in any means. Even the slightest change in the atmosphere can lead to serious disasters and this is the reason every country should work together and contribute in protecting the environment. How will Americas withdrawal impact the Paris Agreements procedures? How will America contribute to the reduction of harmful gasses? Is the withdrawal justified? References Clmenon, R. (2016). The two sides of the Paris climate agreement: Dismal failure or historic breakthrough?. Retrieved from: https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/1070496516631362 Johnson, S. (2018).Trump stands with climate change deniers, withdraws from Paris Agreement.Ars Technica. Retrieved 9 March 2018, from https://arstechnica.com/science/2017/06/trump-to-pull-historys-biggest-polluter-from-global-climate-agreement/ Rogelj, J., Den Elzen, M., Hhne, N., Fransen, T., Fekete, H., Winkler, H., ... Meinshausen, M. (2016). Paris Agreement climate proposals need a boost to keep warming well below 2 C.Nature,534(7609), 631. Retrieved from: https://pure.iiasa.ac.at/id/eprint/13307/1/nature18307_proof1.pdf Tollefson, J. (2017). Trump say no to climate pact.Nature,546, 198. Retrieved from: https://www.nature.com/polopoly_fs/1.22096!/menu/main/topColumns/topLeftColumn/pdf/nature.2017.22096.pdf?origin=ppub Zhang, H. B., Dai, H. C., Lai, H. X., Wang, W. T. (2017). US withdrawal from the Paris Agreement: Reasons, impacts, and China's response.Advances in Climate Change Research,8(4), 220-225. Retrieved from: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1674927817301028

Orange peel alternative Essay Example

Orange peel alternative Paper Introduction. Chapter I Seville orange, sour orange, bighead orange, or marmalade orange refers to a citrus tree (Citrus x uranium) and its fruit. It is hybrid between Citrus maxima (pommel) and Citrus reticulate (mandarin). Many varieties of bitter orange are used for their essential oil, which is used in perfume, as a flavoring and as a solvent. The Seville orange variety is used in the production of They have been the most cultivated tree fruit in the world since 1987 and sour oranges account for approximately 70% of the citrus production I chose this topic because I want to know, if orange peels and vinegar are good leaners. We will write a custom essay sample on Orange peel alternative specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Orange peel alternative specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Orange peel alternative specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Also because this a good alternative home cleaner, and it is easy to make. Instead of buying highly toxic chemical Household cleaners this one is much better. This Peels make an inexpensive and powerful base for an effective all-purpose cleaner easily made in any kitchen. And is CEO friendly. Statement of the Problem Steel Cleaner aims to answer the following questions. 1 . ) Will Orange peel and vinegar, remove the stains? 2. ) Will it remove the rust of steels and make it shiny again? 3. ) Will it be enough to clean and remove stains and rust? Hypothesis of the Study . Yes, oranges and vinegars contains high acids that can remove stains 2. ) Yes, 3. ) Orange peels are much gentler when removing stains, than stain removers. But will not be enough in removing rust Significance of the Study The purpose of this Investigatory Project is to determine whether orange peels and vinegar will be proven to be enough for removing rust and stains. And Also if this research will prove that orange peels and vinegar are enough. It would be very easy to do it and use it at home, so people will have to spend less on buying cleaning products with high toxic. The experiment will show if it really works on removing stains and rust. Scope and Limitation This experiment only covers fruit extracts (Oranges). And vinegars. Plants and animals are not involved in this experiment. This experimentation will only last for a week or so this only show and prove if the two can be used as an alternative remover of dirt and rust from clothes and steels. Definition of Terms Oranges- The orange (specifically, the sweet or sour oranges) are fruit of the citrus Orange Peels- It is the skin of an orange that can transform or turn to anything convenient Vinegars- is a liquid consisting mainly of acetic acid (COACH) and water. The acetic acid is produced by the fermentation of ethanol by acetic acid bacteria. Vinegar is now mainly used as a cooking ingredient, but historically, as the most easily available mild acid, it had a great variety of industrial, medical, and domestic uses, some of which (such as a general household cleanser) are still promoted today. Jar- is a rigid, approximately cylindrical container with a wide mouth or opening. Jars are typically made of glass, ceramic, or plastic. They are used for foods, cosmetics, dedications, and chemicals that are relatively thick or viscous. They are also used for items too large to be removed from a narrow neck bottle. Water- is a chemical compound with the chemical formula H 20. A water molecule contains one oxygen and two hydrogen atoms. Steel- is an alloy of iron and other elements, including carbon. Cloth or Thread (yarn) is a flexible woven material consisting of a network of natural or artificial fibers often referred to as thread or yarn. Yarn is produced by spinning raw fibers of wool, flax, cotton, or other material to produce long strands.

A Globally Warmer Situation essays

A Globally Warmer Situation essays Global warming is a serious issue that must be tackled. While the governments of the world are constantly pushing fossil-fuel use, one has to think that they would at least heed the warnings given to them by scientists doing this important research. After all, it is the governments that are largely funding the research. Global warming is then left up to the people who care, to the people who can spread the news of this ongoing abuse, to those who use this planets resources, to the people who put the Earth in the shape it is in now, and to the same people who must make right of a wrong today. The sea levels not only harm coastlines, but it can have an effect on the climate and seasonal changes occurring on Earth. Just as the atmosphere absorbs millions of parts of carbon dioxide, the oceans also grab and absorb carbon dioxide. The added carbon dioxide also increases the oceans overall temperatures and decreases the salinity of the water, which can change weather patterns worldwide. It is predicted that with higher global temperatures, weather itself will become more extreme. It is more likely that the Earth will see higher maximum temperatures and more hot days per year, that there will be higher nighttime temperatures, and that there will be more drought, more intense rainfall, and more intense hurricanes (Glick 22). All countries are seeing their coastlines rising. At no other time in Earths history has there been such a population that lives on the coast. It is estimated that nearly one-hundred million people live within three feet sea level. Any rise in levels up to these three feet would have devastating effects to everything within this range. Intruding salt water can contaminate the water supplies causing havoc to farmers who irrigate their fields from a contaminated water source. What do rising temperatures mean for Earth? It does not mean more beach days or vacation days ...

When and How to Use Brackets

When and How to Use Brackets When and How to Use Brackets When and How to Use Brackets By Maeve Maddox Reader John B. Moss asks if there are guidelines for the use of brackets. There are indeed. Academic style guides such as the MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers go into such matters at great length. The most common use of brackets is to enclose explanatory matter that one adds in editing the work of another writer. They indicate that some kind of alteration has been made in the original text. 1. In quoting a passage it is often necessary to insert information that was provided elsewhere in the original text: I dont care what he [Poe] meant by it, the line sounds great but makes no sense. 2. Sometimes a word in the quotation is archaic or used in a sense that may not be familiar to the intended reader so the editor may wish to provide an explanation in brackets: Paul said he was let [hindered] hitherto. In this episode of C.S.I. her character says Gimme some bling [gaudy jewelery]. 3. Sometimes its necessary to change the original capitalization or provide a word in order to make a quotation fit grammatically into the new text: Original: He was an out-spoken old curmudgeon. Quoted form: According to Joness biographer, [h]e was an out-spoken old curmudgeon. 4. Sometimes brackets are used to enclose the dots that indicate missing words. The usual way to indicate that some words have been left out (an ellipsis) is to mark the spot with three dots (). Original: It little profits that an idle king, By this still hearth, among these barren crags, Matchd with an aged wife, I mete and dole Unequal laws unto a savage race Incorporated quotation: According to Ulysses in Tennysons poem, it little profitsan idle kingtomete and dole unequal laws unto a savage race. Some (but not all) academic writers would enclose the dots in a quotation in brackets: According to Ulysses in Tennysons poem, it little profits[]an idle king[]to[]mete and dole unequal laws unto a savage race. Another use of brackets Brackets can be used in the context of ones own writing when more than one thing needs to be set apart. For example: Watching a popular actor who usually plays good characters play a villain (like Tom Hanks in Road to Perdition [2002]) has a negative effect on many movie-goers. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Punctuation category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:12 Signs and Symbols You Should Know10 Types of TransitionsWhat’s the Best Way to Refer to a Romantic Partner?

Helicobacter pylori (Microbiology CS3) Case Study

Helicobacter pylori (Microbiology CS3) - Case Study Example It is also believed to be the etiologic agent for peptic ulcers, gastritis and other gastric disorders (Mobley, Mendz and Hazell, 2001). H. pylori produces several key enzymes that enable it to survive in the host. The enzyme, urease, catalyses the breakdown of urea, which is abundantly available in the stomach, into ammonia and bicarbonate (Helicobacter Foundation, 2006). The resulting ammonia surrounds the bacteria, proving a basic (low pH) environment that protects the bacteria from stomach acid. Another enzyme, superoxide dismutase, protects the bacteria from being killed by macrophages and polymorhonuclear leukocytes by breaking down the dismutase produced by them (Mobley, Mendz and Hazell, 2001). Catalase protects the bacteria from hydrogen peroxide produced by phagocytes (Mobley, Mendz and Hazell). According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, H. pylori infection afflicts almost two-thirds of the entire population of the world (CDC, 2005). Developing countries have a higher incidence of H. pylori infection than developed countries (Mobley, Mendz and Hazell, 2001). The infection is more prevalent among lower socio-economic groups and in older adults (CDC, 2005). In the US, Hispanics and African Americans are found to be the most affected (CDC, 2005). The rate of acquisition of the infection differs greatly, both within and across countries (Mobley, Mendz and Hazell, 2001). The bacteria first adhere to the mucin in the epithelial cells of the gastric mucosa (Mobley, Mendz and Hazell, 2001). By altering the rheological properties of the mucus gel, the bacteria coats the lining of the stomach wall (Celli et al. 2009). It then generates a cloud of ammonia around itself to achieve low pH for protection from stomach acid. The ammonia is produced by the hydrolysis of urea. The bacteria also produces phospholipase A that degrades cell membranes by breaking down phospholipids (Mobley,

Home Schooling Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Home Schooling - Research Paper Example This project stresses that the family which study together stays together. Home schooling is the common thread woven throughout their lives that pulls the family together. It also allows giving quality education to the children .Home as always been the heart of a child’s education. One need not be a professional teacher to home school a child as they are natural learners and parents are natural teachers. Parents are the best teacher a child could have as no one knows the children better than them. The parents knows the strength and weakness of their children and can train them accordingly .Rather than teaching home schooling should be treated as a guiding a child for their future development. This report declares that from the earliest days, a child’s education took place inside the home. Children learned from parents, from a large extended family, and from everyday life. In his book writes that â€Å" History shows that today’s home education sprang from a rich heritage of family based learning† Families made sure that the children learned important life skills, reading, writing, math skills and socializing skills. In the beginning times, school education was not mandatory for children. Many children were taught home as they could not walk the distance to and from school and mass transportation was not yet an option. Some children were kept at home by bad weather, snowstorms and floods. As industrial revolution swept the country, school transportation improved and so did attendance at public schools.

Government is the monopoly of legitimate use of physical power” Essay Example for Free

Government is the monopoly of legitimate use of physical power† Essay Functions of the Ruling Officer: * Promote interest and welfare of the people * For the benefit of the governed * Protection of the inhabitants * Administration of justice * Advancement of the physical, economical, social and cultural well- being of the people * Preservation of the state from danger (internal external) Ideal Qualities of Governing Politician: * Shall have the brains and ability * Political maturity * Experience â€Å"In order to govern people he does not know or understand, he ought to possess the talent of a genius and extraordinary knowledge. † * Jose Rizal â€Å"The government who fulfils the satisfaction of human expectation is good. The Government that DOES NOT serve the needs of the people but governs to protect the interest and welfare of a few at the expense of many is not good.† * Zulueta â€Å" Government is the monopoly of legitimate use of physical power† * Max Weber * The government is committed to promote: * general welfare, * morals, * intelligence, * social justice * Ultimate happiness Rizal on the Family * Family- the basic and oldest social institution, a very important factor in shaping the character of a child. Family determines: * Child’s social class * Religious orientation * Language * Upbringing of the children Children are Expected to be: * Loyal * Obedient Parents’ Legacies to children: * Rectitude of judgement * Generosity of rights * Steadfastness in adversity â€Å" The greatest honour that a son can pay his parents is integrity and a good name.† Rizal on Livelihood * Rizal vehemently objected Carl Marx’s Communist ideology. * He regarded livelihood as the government’s focal points to alleviate poverty Communism * ideology referring to the equal distribution of wealth. * The government scoops up all the wealth and distributes them evenly or as needed. Means of having a viable livelihood program: * Equal land ownership * Regulation of capital * Government buys from landlords and place it on workers â€Å"Regulation of Capital† was essential to combat the ill effects of capitalism. Each person’s wealth is based on his own personal production. Rizal on Justice â€Å" Justice is a constant and perpetual will to allot to every man what he is due.† Twin ideals of Justice System * Swiftness- occurrence of a speedy trial * Fairness- justice itself â€Å"Justice delayed is justice denied.† No person shall be deprived of life, liberty and property without due process of law.

Guide to Spybot Search and Destroy :: Spyware Adware Software

Missing Figures Getting Rid of Spyware: A Guide to Spybot Search and Destroy Preface According to CloudEight Security Tips, Spyware and adware are the number one threat to computer users (â€Å"Say† 1). Computer users whose computer system or internet connection is slower than normal are a victim of this threat. According to Wikipedia, spyware is any piece of software that aids in gathering information about a person or organization without their knowledge (Spyware 1). They have also defined malware, a piece of software intended to do harm to a computer, as a classification of spyware. These types of software will unnecessarily load ads, websites you didn’t intend to visit, or collect information thus slowing down your computer system or internet connection. It’s time to search and destroy these little pieces of software off of your computer. Introduction Spybot Search and Destroy (Spybot S&D) was created to disinfect an â€Å"infected† computer system. Spybot S&D software is a free software solution that detects spyware. It is simple to setup and features an easy to use interface that even the most inexperienced computer users will understand. Don’t be fooled by the simple interface however. Spybot S&D removes thousands trojan programs, cookies, adware, dialers, browser help objects, keyloggers. It can help you prevent spyware on your computer as well as download weekly updates so that you can keep up to date with the malicious users who are constantly releasing new threats. This paper will guide you through the three major steps of using Spybot S&D. They are, getting started with the software, starting the scan, and interpreting the results and removing potential issues. Each step will be described in detail along with the necessary visual aids. Getting Started: Downloading and Installing Downloading Spybot S&D is able to support all three major browsers: Internet Explorer, Netscape Navigator and Opera. Spybot S& D works on the major windows operating systems such as Windows XP, Windows 2000, Windows Me, Windows NT, and Windows 9.x. The license is totally free, no hidden fees either. The procedure for downloading Spybot S&D is as follows: 1. Go to http://www.security.kolla.de www.security.kolla.de 2. Click Download under Home as shown in figure 1. 3. Click license to read the license. See figure 2. 4. Click on the first â€Å"download here† button as shown in figure 3. This will take you to a mirror selection page. In other words, a list of available download locations allows users to choose the web site from which they want to download Spybot S&D.

Dining in vs. Dinging Out

Informative Speech Dining Out VS. Dining In INTRODUCTION I. Attention getter/relevance: The Price of food has TRIPLED, Which results in the price of fast food has double just form the past two years. II. Establish Credibility: I have gained knowledge and tips on how to save money by cooking your meals at home by doing so you can save over a 1000$ a month. III. Thesis Statement: By the end of my presentation, you will have the knowledge to cut the cost of food and you will think twice before you visit your local fast food restraint. IV.Preview: The focus of my speech is to give you pointers on how to cut the cost of food, and getting a home cook meal in a convenient amount of time. BODY I: First (signpost), why is preparing food at home less expensive then dining out. The cost of fast food has double in the past two years. A today's economy has changed, meaning that all living expenses like rent food and gas prices has gone up as well. b. Studies has shown that dining out three times a week for a family of four can cost up to 400$. c. Money can be saved by cutting back on dining out and fast food by simply cooking from home. I. 2.Second (signpost) the main reasons why people dining out because of their busy life styles. a. There are many adults that work over 40 hours a week, or has resign back in school or some are doing both all while supporting there families. b. Most people way of thinking is it’s much easier to buy per pared food rather than slave over a hot stove daily. c. Little do they know it’s a lot of things you can cook from home with in convenient amount of time. Transition: Let’s review home cooked meals are cheaper than dining out every night. When you prepare your food from home, your relocked to save over a 1000$ monthly.There are meals that you can prepare at home in a convenient amount of time. II. Continue following format for remainder of main points†¦ CONCLUSION I. Signal/summarize main points: because of today's e conomy living expenses like rent food and gas prices has gone up. Preparing food at home less expensive then dining out. II. Thesis statement/Relate to introduction: Now that you know more information on how to save money and time by cooking a prepped meal at home, I hope that you take what you learned and put it into use. I promise you want be sorry.

How Does the Prologue at the Start of Romeo and Juliet Create Suspense?

How does the Prologue at the start of Romeo and Juliet create suspense? William Shakespeare, writer of Romeo and Juliet, creates suspense through the use of different techniques. Shakespeare is very particular in his choice of diction, by wisely picking specific vocabulary to create an atmosphere. It is usual that a Greek tragedy, such as Romeo and Juliet, contains a Prologue to set the tone for the rest of the play. Shakespeare wrote the Prologue in a Sonnet form using Iambic Pentameter, which contains 10 syllables per line.Iambic Pentameter uses of unstressed and stressed syllables to create a rhythm or flow to the Prologue. The rhyming ABAB pattern is used throughout the whole poem except the two last lines, which are rhyming couplet. Shakespeare used this type of writing to copy a real life speech, as this would be the case when someone did a public reading of the Prologue. The sonnet form normally informs that the play will be about love, suggesting to the audience what kind of play they are about to watch. Like every play that contains love, Shakespeare also includes a certain amount of hate, to create drama.At the beginning of the paragraph Shakespeare creates suspension at the opening sentence. The way in which Shakespeare uses his rhyming techniques draws a big attention to the opening phrase, â€Å"two household† families. The diction â€Å"two† emphases that the poem is about two families off the same standards, which may have some kind of conflict between them. It then briefly describes the two families Capulet and Montague’s; hinting that two families are similar in a way that they are all respected since they are â€Å"both alike in dignity†.By using the term â€Å"alike† suggests that they are to the same degree, none of them are superior. This opening sentence creates suspense because Shakespeare doesn’t reveal what would be the conflict between the two families or why are they alike in dignity. On the o ther hand, on the second line the â€Å"fair Verona† which is the place where the scene is laid out is a place of beauty, Verona is known as an Italian city that has a splendid beauty. This contrast between the beauty of Verona and what seems as a conflict between the two families generates a tense atmosphere.Yet, the â€Å"grudge† between them causes a negative mood. The diction â€Å"grudge† connotes the hatred between the two families; an old disagreement between the families will soon turn to a new conflict; it may include violence and drama. Shakespeare used the first 3 lines of the Prologue to describe the families’ feud and give an introduction to the readers of the main families in Verona. Shakespeare used alliteration of the repetition of the letter ‘F’ on the begging of words. The alliteration on the 5th line demonstrates they were born cursed from their enemies meaning they are â€Å"fatal lions of these two foes†.The dictio n â€Å"fatal† implies that both lovers were born doomed for a bad ending, this tense atmosphere is created due to the unknown ending of how the love between two cursed enemies end. The alliteration also changed the topic from the families feud to the introduction of the two lovers. The 6th line states that from these two houses, two â€Å"star-cross’d† lovers will appear. The terminology â€Å"cross’d† connotes that the whole universe is against them, meaning they have every possible reason to give up but their love bring them together.It also foreshadows that a death will occur. The fact that the families do not get along and they still try to make their love work creates suspension because it keeps a constant feeling that the hate between the families will ruin the lovers love. On the middle of the poem, Shakespeare refers that the lovers â€Å"death† would â€Å"bury their parents’ strife†. The expression â€Å"death† symbolizes the end of life; this strong term advises that the â€Å"death† of the lovers would â€Å"bury† the anger between the two families and they would agree to stop quarrelling.This sentence creates a negative mood due to the reason that both lovers would die and both families would become friendly again. The â€Å"continuance of their parents’ rage† indicates that the uncontrolled emotion could cause violence between the two families and end up in death. The fact that the spectators already know that there could be death crafts a tone of suspense. The ending of the prologue informs the audience that the above outlined plot is about to be performed and gives a hint as to how long it will last.The 13th and 14th line, last lines of the Prologue, asks for the audience patience. All these techniques and detailed vocabulary William Shakespeare uses in the Prologue creates suspense and a contrast between loves and hate atmosphere. Conclusively, the most effective techniques Shakespeare used in the Prologue were the precise use of vocabulary that hinted what would happen and introduced the story in a dramatic way. Also, Shakespeare uses a lot of foreshadowing; these two techniques created suspense and an atmosphere to the Prologue.Shakespeare used a Prologue to introduce to the reader a general summary of what the play is about. When the reader first reads the prologue, it is attracted to continue reading the play even if Shakespeare’s vocabulary is not easy to understand. The impact the Prologue has on the audience is the suspense Shakespeare created leaves the reader curious and with the will to continue watching the play. Overall, the way Shakespeare expresses himself with different and exact vocabulary creates suspense. By: Gabriela Matarazzo

Maximizing the Life Cycle Logistics Essays

Maximizing the Life Cycle Logistics Essays Maximizing the Life Cycle Logistics Essay Maximizing the Life Cycle Logistics Essay As a brief description of the subject in the study, the life cycle of logistics can also be maximized through establishing effective management organizing efforts to maintain a certain companys operational structure that will avoid or prevent errors and mismanagement that can take place within the corporation. In this case, the 360 degree logistics can be found when there will be a capital expenditure that will be reared out to fund materials and human resources that will be helping to manufacture product. As soon as the product will be made and distributed to the market, there will be an exchange of commodity as well as financial trade value. This process will undergo the procedural profit taking to collect the monetary amount of profits that has been sold to the market. The monetary value be distributed to the accounting department of a certain organization to fund services, raw materials, and salaries to employees that completes the life cycle of the business operating organization. Image is one of the most sensitive factors that should be taken cared In long-term basis for the reason that It can be used for the marketing plan that will promote the companys products to boost sales to the public as mentioned by Pointers (2008). Location is one of the most important considerations that will be considered for companies such as Panasonic because it is an electrical distributing company that aims to Identify potential target market to maintain their production capacity and market endurance in monopolizing output in specific period of time. The organizational structure of the company is also focused on establishing officers that will be destined to key manufacturing areas in all satellite areas around the world to maximize the production facilities and operation. In addition, manufacturing all kinds of electrical equipments and appliances utilizes the standards of manufacturing practice that are abided according to the laws and policies imposed in the market. Logistics minimization is one of the most effective management activities that will help to sustain transporting finished products that will be available anywhere around the world. These kinds of ways that can be made by using logistics will help to restructure and implement effective strategies that conform to the production and management capacity of the company to perform OFF Life-cycle cost analysis purpose is to determine the system, product, and process of the future total life cycle cost that includes design and development, production/ construction, system utilization, maintenance and support, and retirement and disposal, high cost contributors, cause and affect relationships, potential risk, and identification for improvement to reduce cost if possible (Blanchard, 2004). When this kind of analysis is conducted the person is looking at the entire life span of the product and how much it cost to sustain it through logistics and maintenance at first, because it is the most expensive part of the total life cycle cost. The supportability analysis helps developed the information to input into the life-cycle cost analysis, this enable the analysis to be initiated in the beginning of the design phase where it is most cost beneficial. The analysis is usually conducted as the design progress toward completion to gather vital assumptions and facts on the how the analysis findings an be applied through the acquisition process. Factors are broken down into the types of cost that makes up the overall total cost, such as acquisition cost, operating cost, and disposal cost. A complete life cycle cost also includes other costs such as financial and labor cost as well. The evaluation will usually start with initial cost of making a product by looking at element like capitol cost, which is needed to start and complete the project. Then there is operation, maintenance, and repair cost that factors in heavily to the life cycle cost analysis, that can be the largest percentage of the total cost. The number and timing of capital replacements of systems or products depend on the estimated life of the system, so replacement cost must be calculated in also. It is helpful for companies to use the same sources that provide cost estimates for initial investments to obtain estimates of replacement costs and expected useful lives (Blanchard, 2004). Without logistics planning, the company will not be able to identify potential resource markets that will be significant to boost their competitiveness as well as their productivity in creating better financial performances. Logistics is important for he reason that it helps the company to fulfill all kinds of goals and without this factor will affect the companys growth performance in a specific period for having a stagnant or negative flow of financial productivity. The absence of logistics planning halts the companys ability to produce quality products, which will result for having health threats for users and will not be safe to use in the market according to Barman (2011). The standards of production performance without logistics planning will fail to reach goal standards for producing quality products by having defects that an cause potential accidents for users that will be acquiring the product. Lucas are usually performed early in the design process when only estimates of costs and savings are available, rather than certain dollar amounts. Uncertainty in input values means that actual outcomes may differ from estimated outcomes. It has been proven that LOCAL provides a significantly better assessment of the long-term cost- effectiveness of a project than alternative economic methods that focus only on first costs or on operating-related costs in the short run The effects of the current economy have made the business and logistics world hang the way products are secured, transported, and financed. The global economy is slowly rebounding from the World Financial Crisis of 2008, where major unemployment record rose to an all-time high. There are major factors that contributed to the new challenge that transportation and logistics managers currently faced; most of the challenges are a result of the current Global Financial Crisis the world. There was a large reduction in capital investment for business shortly after the downturn of the world markets due to the decline in financial credit availability from banks; causing businesses to lose profits. In early March 2009, the number of massive container ships sitting idle globally was estimated at an all-time high of 453 vessels, but the global transportation sector rebounded sharply in 2010. The declining economy had a detrimental affect within transportation and logistics management; that created transportation and logistical management challenges for companies to get financial backing for procurement of supplies and services (U. S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2011). Over the last four years, economists have been in an uproar over the flow of exports and imports have slowed in the lobar trade market that has caused delays within the supply chain. The crisis in the economy has also caused high cost in fossil fuels, geographical fragmentation in production processes, along with the creation of wide-spread macroeconomic risk facing domestic and global economies. The uneven recovery the economy continues to have major impact on freight transports flows that was facilitated by good and cheap transport, according to an International Transport Forum review (Barman, 2010). The Surface Transportation Board is continuously working on the challenges and lotions to intermediate transportation in regards to the aging of infrastructure, environmental issues, and congestion. In 2009, congestion was one of the biggest issues concerning the transportation sector of transportation and logistics management was congestion (TTS, 2009). The Surface Transportation Board reiterates the growing consensus of that petroleum based fuels have significant impacts on the environment, including greenhouse emissions and air pollutions. Congress started debating proposals that are approved today to reduce greenhouse emissions and have met plans to meet fuel economies standard by 2016 (TTS, 2009). Congress have been tasked to provide solution to fund improvement to the critically aging transportation infrastructure systems across the United States; with rising issues of gaining funding support on critical issue of infrastructure preservation. The Department of Homeland Security issues critical and mandatory regulations for the United States trading partners and the Transpiration Security Administration to ensure security of supply chains (TTS, 2011). The Coast Guards goal is to integrate maritime cyber security with the wider defense system that the U. S. Is building. Congress order to screen 100 percent of international inbound cargo; international efforts are more difficult since the agency has no authority to require foreign countries to screen cargo on passenger aircraft. Port Security have made efforts to protect US ports by mandating 100 percent cargo screening of all inbound containers, but TTS argues that even if containers are being screened, the basic act of putting aluminum foil around a nuclear weapon can negate that procedure (TTS, 2011). Businesses and the government had taken actions to implement a risk management approach but had not conducted comprehensive risk assessments for o help ensure that resources are allocated to the highest-priority risks. In the Global Logistics management article, posted by Jeff Barman, he stated that the potential for innovations for potential management of greenhouse gases emissions transports are foster by technology in order to improve fuel economy (Barman 2010). This seems like one solution to promote climate change policy in the transport sector, since some research insists that policy do affect logistics and transportation; as well as the economy. Refinancing global growth is more a matter for policy-makers, that would be creating the right macroeconomic conditionsfor instance by ensuring that credit is available, that exchange rates reflect economic realities and, in transport, by setting the rules of the games in such a way that we are getting the prices right (Barman, 2010). Perhaps the key to improving the supply chain management is to strictly enforce demand forecasting based off the climate of the economy and eliminating unnecessary costs to the total cost of a products cycle. This suggests that that converting back to basic fundamentals in supply chain management could consumer confidence in spending and improve the global trade arrest. As an implication, facility planning will involve to establish bidding procedure that are important in creating new products because this will determine the most effective product as well as choosing the product that has the highest quality rate that will be available in the market. Facility planning improvement matters because it helps to restructure all kinds of equipments that will be used for the production of new products that will be sold to the market. In this process, facilities are needed to be maintained and regularly checked by maintenance personnel to identify potential effective facilities that will be subjected to replacement to avoid finished products that are defective and not safe to use as claimed by Pointers (2008). The main benefit is saving cost, plus assessing whether a system can be operated and supported in an effective and efficient manner. All the costs associated with the development of the system become available at the beginning of the actual implementation of the project. This greatly assists the organization in deciding whether the project is to be developed or not from a costing perspective. It helps to analyze the business function interrelationships. By referencing the analysis report on expenditure, managers of a firm can predict accurate revenues at quite an early stage. This will give managers the data they need to weigh the total amount invested against the estimated return on investment before the product is fully produced. Allowing a look at all design alternatives that will provide the lowest cost to manufacturer without compromising the quality or functionality of the product.

Credible Words

Credible Words Credible Words Credible Words By Maeve Maddox Latin credere means â€Å"to trust† Used with the dative, it means â€Å"to believe, to give credence to a person or thing.† Several English words come from this word. Credo with a capital refers to the Christian Apostles’ Creed or the Nicene Creed. Lowercase credo means any statement of the aims or principles which guide a person’s conduct. Creed is used more often than credo for this declaration of guiding principles. For example, â€Å"The Declaration of Independence contains the clearest, most concise, and most eloquent articulation of the American creed.† The noun credit came into English from Middle French with the meaning â€Å"belief, faith, trust.† It came to be associated with money lent or borrowed with an agreement for repayment. A customer’s â€Å"credit† is the confidence a lender has in the customer’s ability to repay. Credit is also used as a verb in the general sense of accepting something as true or truthful. For example, â€Å"He found it hard to credit his own eyes; the lion was lying down beside the lamb.† Schools are â€Å"accredited† by outside regulating boards. They have received credentials stating that they can be trusted to meet certain standards. Article IV, Section 1 of the United States Constitution is known as the Full Faith and Credit Clause: Full faith and credit shall be given in each state to the public acts, records, and judicial proceedings of every other state. And the Congress may by general laws prescribe the manner in which such acts, records, and proceedings shall be proved, and the effect thereof. The adjective credulous came into the language with the specific meaning â€Å"believing in God.† The negative incredulous meant â€Å"not believing in God.† The meaning shifted as time went on. Shakespeare used credulous in the sense of credible, but modern usage assigns distinct meaning to the two words. Credulous has the connotation of being too ready to believe. It’s a synonym for gullible. For example, confidence tricksters prey upon credulous people who are quick to believe in get-rich-quick schemes. Credible means â€Å"able to be believed.† A credible witness is one who can be trusted to speak the truth. The negative forms, incredible and incredulous, are sometimes confused. For example, here’s a headline from a site selling a sweatshirt that bears a message about not touching the wearer: incredulous dont [sic] touch me pullover sweatshirt Like awesome, incredible is often used as a throwaway word to convey enthusiasm. Sweatshirts are incredible. Singers are incredible. Movies are incredible. Generally speaking, incredible usually applies to things that are hard to believe, while credulous describes people who believe things too easily. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Vocabulary category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:The Meaning of "To a T"Excited ABOUT, not "for" Narrative, Plot, and Story

Book Review Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 3

Book Review - Essay Example African Muslims that were enslaved and shipped to the land constituted a significant number and they were educated, civilized and had a strong moral foundation in the tenets of Islamic Religion. Because of their distinction as educated and capable of analyzing their own predicament their resistance to slavery was somewhat fiercer. Apart from this central theme that runs through the length and breadth of the Diouf’s work the book gives us the story of the slaves in their homeland, the astonishing struggles of the Muslim slaves to keep their faith and their rich contribution to the fabric of American life. According to the author the Islamic faith of the African slaves gave mooring to their harsh life, away from the home land and motivated them to resist forcefully the tyranny of slavery. Diouf draws convincing evidence of the heroic struggle of the enslaved Muslims by strewing her works from revealing quotes that the reader is brought to admire the faith of the Muslim Africans in their Diaspora. Spanish royal edict of 1543 ordained, â€Å"in a new land like this one where (the Catholic) faith is only recently being sowed, it is necessary not to allow to spread there the sect of Mahomet or any other.† The royal command is motivated more by military consideration than by reasons of faith. The Spanish feared that the native Indian might learn the horsemanship from the Muslim Africans and this would destroy the Spanish military advantage. In spite of these attempts the Muslim religion took root in the Americas and as Diouf notices Islam is the second taste of monotheism of the Native Americans. The author asserts that Islam was functioning in hostile conditions in the new land .According to her slavery,†far from making the Africans’ religious fervor disappear, deepened it.† â€Å"Servants of Allah†, contains a comprehensive account of the Muslim slave attempts to hold on to the Islamic way of life, their unwillingness to accept Christianity, their attempts to

One Holy Night by Sandra Cisneros and The Garden Party by Katherine Essay

One Holy Night by Sandra Cisneros and The Garden Party by Katherine Mansfield - Essay Example Although Laura tries to maintain an authoritative attitude over the workmen, the happy and positive disposition of the workmen draws Laura to them. As a result, Laura considered the idea of having the workmen as friends because she realized that their attitudes are more natural than those men she had met in parties. Primarily, Laura’s social status in life, her attitudes, and the attitudes of her parents make her different from other people especially from her mother, Mrs. Sheridan, and her sister, Jose. For instance, Laura’s social status separates her from the rest of the world in the sense that she was not able, or was not allowed, to mingle with the poor people in their neighborhood. With the high standards of her family, Laura was not able take pleasure in enjoying the friendship of simple people. With her situation, Laura feels that she is confined within the gates of her home and the limits of her elite society. Laura’s feeling of isolation also affects he r attitudes toward other people especially the workmen. For instance, although she wants to maintain a demanding tone in making the workmen do their job, the positive attitudes of the workmen make her realize that they are actually nice people to have around. With this idea, it can be said that Laura’s isolation affects her attitudes toward people. ... Sheridan. For instance, when Laura heard the news of the carter’s death, she instantly feels empathy and concern that she proposed to cancel their party. She feels that having a party while one of their neighbors is mourning is not proper. In addition, Laura feels that she and her family need to pay some respect to the mourning family. Laura thinks that by cancelling the party, they would be able to be one with the neighborhood. She thinks that in this way, she can overcome the barriers of social status. Contrastingly, Mrs. Sheridan and Jose think that the idea is foolish because it would mean that the money they spent for the party would be wasted. It would also be a humiliation to the family if they cancel the party because of their neighbor’s death, who is not their relative, in the first place. In addition, Mrs. Sheridan and Jose think that the death of the Carter is not their business, so they have the right to pursue their party without feeling guilty. In Mrs. She ridan’s and Jose’s view, the attitudes of Laura signify childhood innocence and ignorance. With these attitudes, Mrs. Sheridan and Jose think that Laura still needs her family to support her in her decision. In this context, it can be said that Laura is still seen as dependent; therefore, cannot have the freedom of choice. Although Laura is projected as a positive character in the story, her childhood innocence creates the irony in her character. For instance, although she seems very concerned with the Scott family at first, her sympathy faded by the time â€Å"Mrs. Sheridan gives her a beautiful hat.† In the story, the beautiful hat signifies the alluring beauty of the elite life, the life of luxury. Considering this situation, it can

American Colonies Political Science Research Paper

American Colonies Political Science - Research Paper Example The American Revolution started in the latter half of the 18th century and spanned a total of ten years from 1775-1785. It was a political revolution which resulted in the merging of the thirteen North American British colonies to form the United States of America. The upheaval and political unrest sparked by the series of high taxes imposed by the British, lack of colonial representation in the British government and the enforcement of illegitimate Laws, were some of the reasons why England never would have held onto the United States1. Overview of British Empire: The British Empire at its peak was the most influential and massive empire in world history, at one time it was designated as a global power. The extensiveness of the empire can be estimated from the fact that it was referred to as ‘the empire On which the sun never sets’. This was because the Empire spanned an extensive area around the globe which ensured that at any given time at least one of the colonies ha d the sun shining on it. The European age of discovery, characterized by global expeditions of Spain and Portugal, resulted in the formation of British Empire. Many historians believe that by 1921, the British were ruling a population of over 550 million people, which accounts for about quarter of the world’s population. ... ion to rule quarter of the world and they were merely looking for appropriate places to send their convicts to, searching for gold and trying to establish trade relations. However, during the process of attaining these objectives, British soon discovered that they rule approximately quarter of the Earth’s land area. By 1970, the extensive British Empire also consisted of thirteen American colonies extending from Georgia to New Hampshire.2 American Revolution: The British would never have been able to hold on to its colonies especially the American colonies even if it really wanted to because of many reasons such as the lack of elected representation in the British Parliament. The colonial rule research helped me identify the major problems Britain was facing while it was governing America. The era of American Revolution started in the year 1763, and coincided with the British victory at the French and Indian War. The British victory eliminated the threat which the American col onies had from the French military forces. Soon after the War ended, British Parliament expressed the desire to increase the amount of money that the colonies were paying for protection. Therefore, British imposed a series of high taxes and certain other Laws in an attempt to strengthen its authority on the colonies. Ironically, these attempts proved to be the precursors for political upheaval and unrest. On the other hand, American colonies lacked representation in the government which inevitably led to insecurity among the Americans. Many colonists believed that their right and interests as Englishmen were violated by the enforcement of a series of illegitimate Laws. By 1772, hatred against the governing British Parliament had prevailed to the extent that colonists began to form Committees of

Assessing and Managing Supply Chain Risks

Assessing and Managing Supply Chain Risks 1. Introduction The current trend of outsourcing to low cost countries combined with supplier base reduction has provided significant cost reductions for businesses. However, globalization and implementation of more streamlined supply chains have increased risks for companies when acquiring goods and services needed for their operations. By the term risk is meant a chance of facing undesired consequences such as damage, loss, or injury. More scientifically, risk is defined as the combined probability for an undesired event and the potential damage the event might cause. This definition, or variations of this definition, has been applied by a number of researcher investigating risk (March and Shapira, 1987; Zsidisin, 2003; Spekman and Davis, 2004; Wagner and Bode, 2006; Ritchie and Brindley, 2007). The detrimental effects does not have to be existential to the companies, but typically they cause lost sales, decreased market share and large contractual penalties for the parties affected (Zsidisin, 200 3). A very well-know example of such a detrimental effect is the $400 mill loss suffered by the Swedish cell phone manufacturer Ericsson due to a lightning bolt which struck their sub-supplier of semi-conductors (Latour, 2001). Another example is the battle against the foot-and-mouth disease in the UK agricultural industry during the year 2001. This event temporarily paralyzed the agricultural industry, while the tourism industry suffered great losses. Even luxury car manufacturers such as Volvo and Jaguar were affected since deliveries of quality leather used in various parts in the car compartment were temporarily stopped (Norrman and Jansson, 2004). A general ban on sale and export of British pigs, sheep and cattle was introduced during the outbreak. The tourism industry also suffered as many tourists changed their vacation plans due to transport bans and detergent washing of cars, boots and clothing in affected regions. Similarly, the fruit company Dole lost over $100 million dollars when a hurricane caused massive damage to the area in Central America where their banana suppliers were located (Griffy-Brown, 2003). The outbreak of SARS in Southeast Asia affected various industries such as the electronics industry, retailing, tourism, and the airline industry with losses at the national level stipulated to $38 billion just for Hong Kong, Singapore, Taiwan, and Thailand (Overby et al., 2004). The economic impact of the hurricane Katrina is stipulated to $100-125 billion. More than half of that amount is due to the flooding of New Orleans which paralyzed industry and disrupted normal living conditions in the affected areas (Boettke et al., 2007). However, the most famous of such disruptive events is probably the 9/11 terrorist attack in 2001, which caused immediate financial losses and initiated a massive restructuring of the airline industry (Bhadra and Texter, 2004). The above mentioned examples illustrate that supply chains may not be well prepared for dealing with unanticipated events causing disruption in sub-systems of supply chain networks. The traditional cost-efficiency focus of supply chain systems have led companies to eliminate buffers in the form of inventories and multiple sourcing throughout the network. However, this has also led them to remove mechanisms in the supply chain which previously moderated the effects of undesired, disruptive events in the chain. An alternative approach is to introduce more agility in the supply chain. This approach has successfully been applied as a response to the fact that more and more market places in the twenty-first century require a proliferation of products and services, shorter product life cycles and increased demand for innovation (Narasimhan, Swink and Kim, 2006). In agile supply chains, stock out penalties occur immediately in the form of lost sales and the key performance measure is no lon ger productivity or cost, but customer satisfaction. Traditional stable partnerships are substituted with more fluid clusters where partners enter and leave the network at a more rapid pace. In general, there is also a focus on operator self-management to maximize the actors autonomy (Mason-Jones, Naylor and Towill, 1999). The actors higher level of autonomy in agile supply chains makes them better able to respond to changes in supplies upstream as they have no or few bindings keeping them from changing to alternative sources of supply. However, supply chain companies dealing with commodity goods rather than fashion goods can not necessarily be expected to have the same degree of freedom. Their day-to-day competition would require them to eliminate all forms of waste to remain competitive. Any cost driving measure to mediate or avoid risk such as excess production capacity, excess inventory, and increased supplier base would therefore have to be weighed against the expected costs of future unknown disruptive events. To do this, a proactive identification of potential supply and demand hazards is required at a strategic level. The point is to identify where unanticipated risk events have the biggest impact on the supply chain network, identify the type and number of risks, their associated costs, and as sess alternative counter-measures to improve the resilience of the supply chain. The intent of this conceptual paper is to establish a decision framework in order to aid the proactive identification and management of potential upstream and downstream supply and demand hazards. The framework is developed based on a broad variety of literature integrating multiple perspectives on risk from supply chain management, marketing, and organizations theory. The risk framework presented separates itself from previous efforts in its comprehensiveness, and it has been designed to match the supply chain management framework developed by the Global Supply Chain Forum (GSCF). Previous categorization attempts have usually only presented sub-sets of risk factors and have not paid much attention to how supply chain risks can be dealt with proactively. For instance, Zsidisin (2003) listed a number of useful supply risk characteristics and classified them into characteristics belonging to items, markets and suppliers based on the results of a case study. Item characteristics included impact on profitability and the newness of product application, while market characteristics involved global sourcing, capacity constraints, market price fluctuation, and number of qualified suppliers. Risks associated with suppliers were capacity constraints, inability to reduce costs, incompatible information systems, quality problems, cycle times, and volume and mix requirements changes. However, Zsidisins list of supply risk characteristics did not contain important risk elements such as behavioral appearance of supply chain actors and risks associated with skills and qualities of the individual supply chain organizations, nor did it pay much attention to mitigation of risk events. In addition, the network perspective of supply chain management was not evident in the sense that an event can appear several tiers away from the focal organization but still damage the organization via an unknown dependence. Spekman and Davis (2004) also discussed a typology for categorizing risks. They found that risk lies inherent in every supply chain flow of goods, information, and money and they mentioned many of the same risk characteristics as in Zsidisin (2003). In addition, criminal acts and breach of norms were included as risk elements in the supply chain. However, they did not focus much on actions to minimize or avoid the effects of undesired events. Dealing with risk was eventually reduced to the introduction of buffers or building trust. An exception is made for the management of security risks where they briefly mention the necessity of proactive planning to avoid such risks. Another example is Peck (2005) who reported from an empirical study where the sources and drivers of supply chain vulnerability were investigated. She used the knowledge achieved to develop a multi-level framework for risk analysis and did not put much emphasis on identifying individual risk characteristics and tactics to improve the supply chains resilience. However, the framework illustrated in an intuitive manner how unanticipated and undesirable events at other nodes in a network could influence and cause problems at different levels for a focal company via dependencies. Kleindorfer and Saad (2005) also attempted to provide a conceptual framework to assess risk and introduced three tasks as the foundation of risk management. These were Specifying sources of risk and vulnerabilities, Assessment, and Mitigation. The sources of risk and vulnerability were thereafter divided into operational contingencies, natural hazards, and terrorism and political instability. Kleindorfer and Saad (2005) did not elaborate in much detail on which risks to include in each of these categories, thus from a practical risk assessment point of view, the model becomes less interesting. In a similar vein, Ritchie and Brindley (2007) developed a framework to encapsulate the main strands of supply chain risk management. They distinguished between seven sources of risk, but were not specific about which risks to expect in each category and they were not very detailed in their description of risk avoidance or mediation tactics. In stead, they used their general model as a guide in an exploratory case study where the purpose was to focus on supply chain members degree of awareness of supply chain risks, and how supply chain members identified and responded to identified risks. Ring and Van De Ven (1992) developed a framework for structuring cooperative relationships between organizations based on varying degree of risk and reliance on trust. They based their paper on the assumption that the degree of risk inherent in any transaction depends in the direct proportion to decreases in time, information, and control. Examples provided were commercial risk (risk of not finding a price-performance niche in the market), technological risk (probability of bringing the technology to market), scientific risk (lack of knowledge), engineering uncertainty (will the technology work?), and corporate risk. By corporate risk they referred to the risk of wrong allocation of resources in the organization. However, these types of risk are strongly connected with internal managerial and organizational skills of the focal company, and thus cover only a small portion of the risk concept from a supply chain management perspective. Risks arising from process sharing and network inf licted risks were barely mentioned. In summary, a higher level of precision in supply chain risk assessment frameworks combined with normative guidelines for risk avoidance seems present in extant literature. This call has formally been put forth by Harland, Brenchley and Walker (2003) who provided an easy-to-follow procedure for risk assessment in supply chain networks. They concluded that more managerial guidance is required to support risk management and redesigning of supply strategies to incorporate risk strategies . An attempt to answer this call has been made in the following sections. Mapping of risks in the supply chain has been emphasized combined with a discussion of tactics for risk mitigation and risk avoidance. In essence, this covers steps two to four in the model by Harland, Brenchley and Walker (2003) (Figure 1). Guidance for mapping of the supply chain is the main goal for many of the supply chain management frameworks recently developed. Mapping of the supply chain has therefore only received limited attention in this paper, but references to some well-known supply chain frameworks are provided. Steps five and six have been left for the managers to decide as the strategy formation and implementation would be situation specific and dependent on the outcome of steps one to four. 2. Research method The framework is developed based on a literature review where multiple perspectives on risk from marketing theory, organizations theory, and supply chain management have been integrated into a composite supply chain risk framework. Relevant contributions were identified through library searches and key word searches in Proquest and ScienceDirect databases. Search words were used either alone or in combination to find contributions which could bring added insight about risk from different theoretical perspectives. Key word searches typically included words such as supply chain management, marketing, or organization theory, and words such as risk, framework, uncertainty, vulnerability, resilience, etc. A large number of research contributions were identified from this procedure and contributions were further selected based on a qualitative assessment of the title and abstract of each identified contribution. A guideline for the literature review was to find an answer to the question what do we know from theory which could be relevant for supply chain managers in their efforts to identify and reduce the level of risk in their supply chains? The emphasis on theory was decided since an exploratory empirical investigation would be descriptive of current practices which would not fit with the normative purpose of this investigation. Ex post empirical testing of the entire framework in a single study were also considered difficult to accomplish due to the amount of risk factors included. However, a varying degree of empirical validity is offered through the previous empirical testing performed by the researchers referenced. Some empirical guidance and initial face validity was also provided through discussions with the general director of a sub-supplier to the Norwegian oil and gas industry. 3. Supply chain management and risk The term supply chain management (SCM) has primarily been linked to the study of either internal supply chains integrating internal business functions, the management of two party relationships with tier one suppliers, the management of a chain of businesses or with the management of a network of interconnected businesses (Harland, 1996). Transaction cost analysis (TCA), organization theory (OT) and relational marketing (RM) literature have contributed substantially to the development of SCM research (Croom, Romano and Giannakis, 2000). However, a definition of SCM given by the members of the Global Supply Chain Forum states that Supply chain management is the integration of key business processes from end user through original suppliers that provides products, services, and information that add value for customers and other stakeholders. This distinguishes SCM from the previous mentioned theories since it is the network or chain perspective which is emphasized (Lambert, Cooper and P agh, 1998). 3.1. Mapping the supply chain In order to be able to assess risk in a focal companys supply chain, a thorough insight is required about how the supply chain is configured. A number of frameworks have been developed for the purpose of achieving such knowledge, but Lambert, GarcÃÆ'Â ­a-Dastugue and Croxton (2005) identified only five frameworks which recognized the need to implement business processes among supply chain actors. Such implementation is considered a key area where supply chain management can offer improvement to supply chain actors (Hammer, 2001). However, only two of the five frameworks provided sufficient details to be implemented in practice (Lambert, GarcÃÆ'Â ­a-Dastugue and Croxton, 2005). On the other hand, these two frameworks are both supported by major corporations which indicate a high level of face validity. The first framework is the SCOR model developed by the Supply-Chain Council (SCC, 2008). The SCOR model focuses on five different processes which should eventually be connected across firms in the supply chain. These are the plan, source, make, deliver, and return processes. The second framework was developed by the Global Supply Chain Forum in 1996 and was presented in the literature in 1997 and 1998 (Cooper, Lambert and Pagh, 1997; Lambert, Cooper and Pagh, 1998). Similar to the SCOR model, the GSCF model focuses on a set of distinct business processes to be shared among business organizations. However, a main difference between the two supply chain frameworks is their linkage to corporate strategy. While the SCOR framework emphasizes operations strategy, little reference is made to organizations corporate strategies. The GSCF framework, on the other hand, directly links with the corporate and functional strategies of the companies and thus offers a wider scope (Lambert, GarcÃÆ'Â ­a-Dastugue and Croxton, 2005). Since risk is inherent at every level of an organization, and should be considered also at the strategic level, the GSCF framework was chosen as a starting point for our development of a supply chain risk management framework. 3.2. Identify risk and its location In the GSCF framework, supply chain management consists of three inter-related elements: 1) the structure of the supply chain network, 2) the management components governing the shared supply chain processes, and 3) the different types of processes linked among supply chain actors. Who to link with, which processes to link, and what level of integration and management should be applied are considered key decisions for successful management of supply chains (Lambert, Cooper and Pagh, 1998). From a supply chain risk management perspective, these managerial questions make way for three propositions regarding risk and the focal company. The first proposition concerns the unpredictability of human nature when processes are shared with others. The second concerns the vulnerabilities created because of dependencies between multiple network actors, and the third refers to the skills and qualities of the different supply chain actors organization and management. Stated formally: P1: A focal companys exposure to supply chain risk depends on the level of human behavior unpredictability in the supply chain and the impact such unpredictability can have on the companys supply chain. P2: A focal companys exposure to risk depends on the number and strength of dependencies in its supply chain and the impact an external risk event may have on the company. P3: A focal companys exposure to risk depends on the supply chain actors skills and qualities to identify potential risks in advance and to solve risk situations once they occur. Although they address different aspects of risk to a focal company, the propositions are closely related. For instance, without the existence of network dependencies, behavioral unpredictability at another supply chain actor becomes irrelevant. Similarly, the focal company does not have to worry about the skills and qualities of other supply chain actors because there is always another alternative to select. Also, an increase in the supply chain actors skills and qualities will indirectly reduce the level of human unpredictability since it rules out some of the mistakes humans can make; however, it does not rule out the focal companys uncertainty about other supply chain actors intended strategic actions. The relationship between the propositions has been outlined as arrows in Figure 2. Each category between the arrows refers to a more precise definition of the risks mentioned in the propositions. The categories follow the naming convention in the GSCF framework, and together, they c onstitute a holistic representation of supply chain risks relevant for successful supply chain management. The formal definitions for the three types of supply chain risk in Figure 2 are provided below and explained in the subsequent sections: Supply chain processes risk refers to the perceived risk of other companies in the supply chain behaving intentionally or unintentionally in a manner which could be harmful to the company. Supply chain structure risk is closely linked with the total number and type of dependencies in the network. It is a measure for the level of significant detrimental effects an undesired and unanticipated event can have on a companys supply chain network. This event can occur externally or internally to a local market or industry and affect either a single node or a multitude of nodes simultaneously. Supply chain components risk refers to the technical, managerial and organizational abilities each supply chain actor has developed in order to embrace opportunities, detect and avoid potential supply chain disruptions, and to mediate the effects of a disruption once it has occurred. 3.3. Supply chain processes risk A focal companys exposure to supply chain risk will, according to proposition one, depend on the level of human behavior unpredictability and the impact such unpredictability can have on the companys supply chain. When companies begin to explore the competitive advantage of accessing and managing processes belonging to other companies in the chain, they therefore need to identify how the sharing of a process can change its vulnerability to unanticipated events and agree on strategic actions to reduce the processes vulnerability. The main factors to consider when processes are shared with other actors are shown in Figure 3 and explained below. In general, the sharing of processes across tiers in a network can be problematic since it simultaneously makes the focal company more vulnerable to risk. Under working market conditions, each actor is free to choose its trading partner for every transaction. A natural moderating effect on risk therefore exists since there is no dependency on other specific actors in the network. However, when companies begin to integrate processes, as prescribed by supply chain management literature, they distance themselves from the market by creating lock-in effects with selected partners due to the specificity of tangible and intangible assets deployed. From a transaction cost theory point-of-view (Williamson, 1975, 1985), specific investments in shared processes must be protected against the risk of possible opportunistic behavior from the other actor in each partnership. Opportunistic behavior refers to actors self-interest seeking with guile (Williamson, 1975) where guile means lying, stealing, cheating, and calculated efforts to mislead, distort, disguise, obfuscate, or otherwise confuse (Williamson, 1985). In practice, this type of supplier behavior would materialize in hazards like broken promises, production delays, increased costs, production shortcuts, and masking of inadequate or poor quality (Provan and Skinner, 1989; Wathne and Heide, 2000). Any uncertainty of whether the suppliers behave, or would attempt to behave, opportunistically therefore increases the impression of risk to the actor performing the risk assessment[1]. However, transaction cost theory has been criticized for its assumption of opportunistic decision makers. Critics argue that it is a too simplistic and pessimistic assumption about human behavior, and that opportunism represents the exception rather than the rule (Macneil, 1980; Granovetter, 1985; Chisholm, 1989). John (1984) also argued that undesired attitude such as hard bargaining, intense and frequent disagreements, and similar conflictual behaviors do not constitute opportunism unless an agreement has been reached of not to do so. In addition, even well-meant behavioral actions by one party may have negative effects for another party in the supply chain. The perception of risk linked with human behavior where processes are shared can therefore not be restricted to a matter of opportunism alone, but needs to include any kind of undesired human behavior whether it is opportunistic, undesirable or well-intended, but still potentially harmful. It has been suggested that behavioral uncertainty can be reduced with the introduction of formal and informal safeguards to the relationship. In a successful relationship, relational rules of conduct work to enhance the well-being of the relationship as a whole and take explicit account for the historical and social context within which an exchange takes place (Heide and John, 1992). Flexibility among the parties, solidarity, information exchange, and long-term orientation are norms typically associated with, and referred to, as relational safeguarding mechanisms in contemporary research (Ivens, 2002). The presence of these norms in a relationship has been found to improve the efficiency of relationships and to reduce parties behavioral uncertainty (Heide and John, 1992). Alternatively, ownership, or some form of contractual command-obedience authority structure can be used to protect against inherent behavioral uncertainty. Vertical integration has traditionally been prescribed by transaction cost literature as an answer to handle uncertainty in repeated transactions when there are specific investments involved (Williamson, 1975, 1985). However, Stinchcombe (1985) found that the safeguarding features of hierarchical relationships can be built into contracts as well. These features included authority systems, incentive systems, standard operating procedures, dispute resolution procedures, and non-market internal pricing. It should be noted that advanced pricing mechanisms used can include agreed risk sharing and paying an insurance premium to a third party to protect against the financial consequences of a business interruption (Li and Kouvelis, 1999; Doherty and Schlesinger, 2002). However, a prerequisite for risk transfer mitigation to work is the a bility to clearly define the type, cause and boundaries for when the agreed risk transfer applies. Also, well defined standard operating procedures are particularly important since they indirectly describe the non-conformance cases. Breaches in quality performance or EHS procedures, shipment inaccuracies, delivery times, etc. by the focal company or another party are indications of reduced control over the supply chain. Hence, an increased frequency of such incidents in other nodes in the network will lead to an impression of greater behavioral uncertainty and supply chain risk. The impression of risk when processes are shared would naturally depend on the degree of lock-in which exists between two parties. A second risk factor in supply chain processes risk therefore refers to the criticality of specific nodes in the network (Craighead et al., 2007). More precisely, critical nodes are actors in the supply chain responsible for delivery of critical components or important subsystems where the number of supplier choices is limited. However, a node can be critical even though there may be little dependence in day-to-day operations. The increased popularity of outsourcing to third parties necessarily increases other actors involvement in the companys material and information flow. But, since both information and materials represent a form of capital investment, this also means that other actors in some cases handle large parts of a companys tied-up capital either in the form of information or in the form of goods. This risk is called degree of capital seizure in the framework. For instance, it is generally not very difficult to switch from one supplier of IT-server capacity to another, but the dependence on the supplier of server capacity can prove severe if sloppy routines at the supplier destroy the electronic database stored. A similar logic applies for other actors with control over much of the companys information and material flow. Large distribution centers are one example. A typical risk event would be a fire causing damage to much of the companys goods stored; however, such an event would not be attributable to the processes shared and is therefore not a supply chain process risk. Instead, such a risk event has been characterized as external to the network and described under supply chain structure risk. However, another example would be the distribution centre not informing the focal company of a changed general staff leave. This would be a breach in the supplier relationship management process because it is a deviation from expected service leve ls in that particular period. 3.4. Supply chain structure risk The decision of who to link with in a network requires an explicit knowledge and understanding of the supply chain network configuration. According to proposition two, this includes a thorough comprehension of the risk inflicted upon the company because of dependencies established in relationship with other network actors. Therefore, the supply chain manager needs to assess how vulnerable the company is to unanticipated changes in the network and its exogenous environment. Dependencies are created with individual partners in the network and the level of dependency must therefore be assessed for each node. However, attributes of the network configuration itself may increase or reduce the impression of risk. A field risk category and a network complexity risk category have been created to reflect this duality. Field risk includes risk factors which are exogenous to the network, and not endogenously created as in supply chain process risk. Field risk is assessed for each node, but supply chain structure risk must also take the complexity of the network into consideration. For instance, geographically dense nodes within a network may represent a great risk to a company even though each actor itself may not be very important. This is similar to the Dole example mentioned in the introduction where a hurricane destroyed the banana harvest in the area where Dole had most of its suppliers (Griffy-Brown, 2003). Network complexity risk refers to decision makers perceiving large networks as more uncertain since the involvement of more actors and more people implicitly includes more things which can go wrong (Craighead et al., 2007). This perception naturally becomes even stronger when the number and strength of identified critical nodes under supply chain processes risk is high. However, if a focal company is engaged in several sub-networks of supply and demand, this would moderate the perception of risk similar to the basic idea of diversification in modern portfolio theory. The reason is that the company can rest on several independent business pillars and prosper with the remaining pillars while the problem in the failing supply chain is sorted out. Field risk factors such as currency fluctuations, political or legal changes, environmental, and social risks are external to the supply chain network, and refer to the country or region where suppliers, or clusters of suppliers, are located (JÃÆ'Â ¼tner, Peck and Christopher, 2002). Climate changes, in particular in combination with population growth, should receive attention since such changes may alter and threaten the living conditions in large regions of the world with serious effects on both the supply side and demand side to companies (Gilland, 2002; Yea, 2004; Leroy, 2006). An undesirable side-effect of global trade is that supply chains have become significantly more vulnerable to both organized and unorganized crime. Although cargo thefts have not yet caused major supply chain disruptions, the extent of such crime is steadily increasing and should receive attention from a proactive risk management perspective particularly if shipment of critical components is part of the day-to-day operations (Caton, 2006; Barnett, 2007). Another type of crime is abduction of key personnel for ransom money. Kidnappings are mentally challenging to the abducted and the organizations they work for, and can strain organizational resources for a substantial amount of time after a kidnapping incident. In addition, if a decision to pay ransom money is made, the amount required could be financially problematic to smaller companies. This type of crime has generally been associated with Latin America; however, experts have anticipated that such kidnappings will spread to other parts of the world (O Hare, 1994). Although no scientific follow-up study has been identified